![]() ![]() Even though these emerging VOCs can subvert neutralization and spread with ease, severe disease and death have not increased proportionally to the spread of the disease. In fact, several variants of concern (VOC) have arisen throughout the world since the onset of the pandemic, causing subsequent waves of transmission 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, most strikingly observed with the emergence of the Omicron VOC that led to remarkable global spread 15. However, despite the remarkable success of the vaccines in protecting the population from the early emergent SARS-CoV-2 viral strains, the virus has undergone adaptations that have facilitated transmission among humans, with mutations selectively accumulating in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), permitting the virus to also escape vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses 5, 6, 7, 8. Since it was first identified in late 2019 1, 2, 3, 11 COVID-19-specific vaccines, using novel and diverse platforms, have been granted the emergency use listing by WHO globally to provide protection against this highly transmissible pathogen, four of these COVID-19 vaccines are currently approved or authorized in the United States 4. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We demonstrate that this functionality wanes with different kinetics and can be rescued and expanded via boosting with subsequent homologous and heterologous vaccination. In summary, we show that vaccine platform-induced humoral responses are not limited to virus neutralization but rather utilise antibody dependent effector functions. However, mRNA vaccine boosting of CoronaVac responses, including response to the Omicron variant, induce significantly higher peak of antibody functional responses with increased humoral breadth. Compared to BNT162b2, CoronaVac responses wane more slowly, albeit the levels remain lower than that of BNT162b2 recipients throughout the entire observation period. Here, using systems serology, we follow the longitudinal Fc-effector profiles induced by CoronaVac and BNT162b2 up until five months following the two-dose vaccine regimen. However, the Fc-effector functions of vaccine induced antibodies are much less studied than virus neutralization. Beyond the ability of vaccines to induce production of neutralizing antibodies, they might lead to the generation of antibodies attenuating the disease by recruiting cytotoxic and opsonophagocytic functions. CoronaVac, utilising an inactivated form of the COVID-19 virus and the mRNA26 based Pfizer/BNT162b2 vaccines are widely distributed. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines targeting COVID-19 have been developed with unprecedented speed and efficiency. ![]()
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